Chapter 1 Section 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
I. Renaissance-(1300-1600) was an explosion of creativity in art and writing.
A. Italy-had 3 advantages 1)Thriving cities 2)Wealthy merchant class 3)Heritage of Greece and Rome
II. New outlook on life
A. Humanism-movement that focused on human potential and studied classical texts-history and literature
B. People became secular-concerned with worldly rather than spiritual
C. Became Patrons-financially supported artists
III. Renaissance Men and Women
A. Men-charming, witty, well-educated, good athlete
B. Women-more educated than before, but not involved in politics. Supposed to be modest.
IV. Art
A. Perspective- three dimensional painting
B. Realistic art showed peoples personality-ex. body posture and expressions
C. Leonardo da Vinci- R-man-Mona Lisa and Last Supper
D. All of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles were Renaissance Men
V. Literature
A. People began to write in the Vernacular(native language) rather than Latin
B. Francesco Petrarch- wrote many sonnets-14 line poems
Chapter 1.2
I. The Northern Renaissance-Hundred Years’ War between France and England ends in 1453. Cities begin to grow and urban merchants gain wealth.
Artists
A. Rich monarchs in England and France will support art.
B. Artists began to move throughout Europe and helped spread ideas. They were employed by monarchs.
C. German Artists-Albrecht Durer (Italy) and Hans Holbein (England).
D. Flemish Artists-Jan van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel famous painters
Writers
A. Christian Humanists-wanted to reform society and focused on education
B. Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England
C. Both wanted to improve society and not have greed, corruption, or war.
D. More’s book Utopia-was about a perfect place to live.
E. Christine de Pizan- spoke out for education of women, and wrote many books
II. Elizabethan Age-named after Elizabeth I, she promoted English Art and Literature
A. William Shakespeare was the most famous writer of this time-Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet
III. Printing Spreads Ideas
A. How does it help the spread of ideas?
-Easy access of books promotes people to read
B. Johann Gutenberg (German)-developed printing press. Before 1 man could produce 1 book in 5 months, could now produce 500 books in same time.
IV. Renaissance- time of artistic and social change
A. Peoples focus was now on individual dignity, not totally on the Church
Ch. 1 Sec. 4 The Reformation Continues
I. Huldrych Zwingli (1520)-Catholic priest in Zurich, attacked abuses of Church and continued push for reform
II. John Calvin-Will help spread of Protestant faith
A. Publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion-said humans are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation.
1. Believed God chose select few to save “elect”
-Predestination-God knows form the beginning who will be saved
B. Calvin believed ideal govt. was Theocracy-govt. controlled by religious leaders, and he implemented this in Geneva.
What would it be like to live there during this time?
So what is Calvinism?
III. John Knox-Scottish preacher that visits Geneva
A. He returns to Scotland and applies these ideas
1. Presbyters-were governing body of church
2. Followers of Knox are Presbyterians.
IV. Protestants believed people should interpret Bible for themselves.
How might this lead to new religions?
A. Anabaptists-believed people should be “baptized again” as adults.
Also:
-church and state are separate
-shared possessions
B. Seen as radicals, and persecuted by Pro. and Cath.
C. Forerunners for Amish, and Mennonites
V. Catholic Reformation- millions will remain faithful to Catholicism, new religious orders founded
A. Ignatius of Loyola-man that helped in Catholic Reformation
1. Wrote Spiritual Exercises- which was a daily plan for spiritual exercises
2. His followers were called Jesuits who tried to convert non-believers (missionaries), and stop Protestantism
B. Pope Paul III- called the Council of Trent
1. Church’s interpretation of Bible was final
2. Christians need good works for salvation
3. The Bible and Church would guide life
4. Indulgence were valid expression of faith
C. Pope Paul IV- enforced these decrees
Ch. 2 Sec. 1 Ottomans Build an Empire
-primarily in area around Mediterranean Sea
I. Byzantine Empire was declining. This was an extension of the Roman Empire.
A. Strong leader will rise from Anatolia (Turkey), and unite the Turkish people into Ottoman Empire.
B. Ghazis- warrior for Islam. They raided the territories with infidels, or people who didn’t believe in Islam.
C. Most successful ghazi was Osman. Followers called Ottomans. Established a Muslim state in Anatolia (1300).
1. Their military success was based on use of gunpowder. Archers on horse were now foot soldiers.
D. Osman’s son Orkhan I captured Adrianople, which was second most powerful city in Byzantine Empire.
1. They were kind to people they conquered, and sometimes improved lifestyle.
E. Timur the Lame stops Ottoman expansion for a time with defeat at Ankara.
II. Mehmed II takes power in 1451, and focuses on Constantinople.
A. City had shrunk from 1 million to 50,000, and was dividing Ottoman lands in Asia and in the Balkans. Controlled the Bosporus Strait.
B. Ottomans will attack city, and win.
III. Suleyman the Lawgiver-efficient govt. structure
A. Ottomans reached its peak in size and splendor under him.
B. He used the force of his army to capture many lands. From Istanbul he waged war with Central Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia.
C. Devshirme- drafted boys from conquered Christian territories. Educated them, converted to Islam, and made them soldiers.
D. These soldiers would make up Janissaries- 30, 000 troops
VI. Empire Declines
A. Suleyman starts tradition of killing brothers, and imprisoning sons with no education.
B. Why?
Ch 2 Sec 2 Safavids Build an Empire
I. Founder of Empire was Safi al-Din, and the Safavids follow the Islamic branch Shi’a.
A. The Safavids are located between the Ottomans and the Mughal Empire.
B. The military was a strong force, and under Isma’il they began to seize modern day Iran. He took the title of shah (King) to celebrate his achievement.
1. He becomes a religious tyrant, and kills anyone who does not convert to Shi’ism. The Sunni’s are destroyed in the area.
2. Battles with Selim the Grim (Ottoman ruler) at Chaldiran in 1514, and is pounded by their firepower.
3. Changes in weaponry is made soon after.
II. Shah Abbas takes throne in 1587, and makes many reforms
A. Takes Safavids into Golden Age
1. Military-equipped with modern artillery and modeled after janissaries
2. Government-punished corruption severely, and only proven men are promoted.
3. Religion-tolerant to all religions. European merchants move in, and expand trade.
4. Builds new capital at Esfahan, and considered one of the most beautiful in world.
5. Changes a local craft to national industry
-Persian carpets
III. Dynasty Falls
A. Shah Abbas kills or blinded is ablest sons, and his incompetent grandson takes over
Ch 2 Sec 3 The Mughal Empire in India
I. Early history of Mughals
A. 8th Century began a bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims. At about 1000 a.d. Turkish armies will invade India.
B. Led by Sultan Mahmud the Turks devastated the people of India, and formed Delhi Sultanate-group of Turkish warlords
C. Timur will come and kill everyone in the capital. (Delhi)
D. Babur will rise up and take control of region, and lay foundation for Mughal Empire.
E. Babur’s son is a loser and lets things fall apart, but grandson Akbar will bring things back again.
II. Akbar means “greatest one,” and he lives up to his name
A. Had strong military and equipped them with artillery, and he made potential enemies officers
B. Unifies land of 100 million people, more than Europe combined.
C. How?
D. Religious tolerance. He let people practice their religion. He even married 2 Hindus, a Christian, and a Muslim. (He is Muslim)
E. Graduated income tax. People weren’t mad at taxes, so more money for him.
F. When people are comfortable Art/Literature advance.
III. Jahangir was Akbar’s son
A. His wife is Nur Jahan, and she will make most of the decisions.
B. Problems with his son leads to son rebelling and turning to Sikhs-religious group that blends Buddhism, Hindu, and Sufism.
C. Their leader will be killed, and begins Mughal hatred for them.
IV. Shah Jahan
A. Killed all his rivals to secure the throne
B. He is known for building the Taj Mahal-tomb that his wife is buried.
C. His people suffer as he is wasting money on buildings
D. Huge taxes to pay for buildings.
V. Aurangzeb is his son
A. Kills his brother and imprisons his father to secure the throne.
B. He builds empire to greatest size, but empire weakens in power.
C. Why?
D. He treats his people like crap.
1. Forces Islamic religion on them.
2. Taxed Non-Muslims
3. Akbar’s Hindu officers that had been potential enemies, became enemies
E. 2 million people die due to famine, and after him Mughal Empire is very weak
Ch. 3 Sec. 1 Europeans Explore the East
I. Renaissance had encouraged a new spirit of adventure and curiosity
A. God, Glory, and Gold
1. By the early 1400’s there was a growing desire to get rich and spread Christianity
2. Wealth will be main reason people explore. Spices and other luxuries were becoming popular in Europe.(Nutmeg, Cinnamon, and Pepper)
3. Italians controlled trade from East to West, and prices are high.
4. Spread of Christianity will also lead people out. Continue fighting Muslims from Crusades. (1100-1270)
B. Reason this could happen. Technology.
1. Before the 3000 mile trip was impossible.
2. Ships could now sail into wind with design taken from Arabs. Triangle Sails.
3. Astrolabe-allowed people to calculate Lat. and Long. By using Stars.
II. Portugal leads the Way
A. Prince Henry the Navigator knew the riches that could be gained by trading or conquering.
B. 1419 founded Navigation School.
C. They needed a route to Asia, and had to go around Africa
D. Bartolomeu Dias is first, and Vasco da Gama goes all the way to India. Comes back with cargo worth 60X more than voyage.
III. Spain Follows
A. Chris Columbus (Italian) sails across Atlantic for route to Asia, and ends up in Caribbean.
B. Spain/Portugal rivalry gets heated. Treaty of Tordesillas signed and divided Atlantic east to west. E-Port W-Spain.
IV. Trade Empires in Indian Ocean
A. Portugal built huge empire. Will have ports from Africa to Spice Islands. (Indonesia)
B. They broke Italian trade dominance. Sold products at 1/5 the price.
C. 1600’s all European countries want a piece of the action.
D. Dutch have largest fleet in world. (20,000 ships) Dutch East India Co. will be stronger than a lot of countries.
E. Amsterdam becomes a commercial center.
F. Spain, France, England, and Netherlands will all compete for trade dominance.
V. Next section discusses the affect on Asian Culture
Ch 3 Sec 2 China Limits European Contacts
I. China under Ming Dynasty
A. Europeans are looking for more wealth; now go further than Indian Ocean
B. Ming had neighbor countries pay tribute. Pay money to show submission.
C. Hongwu is first Ming emperor after forcing Mongols out in 1368. He will improve agriculture and productivity.
1. He will become tyrant. Killed thousands of officials.
D. Son Yonglo comes to power and moves capital to Beijing. He wants to expand tribute system.
1. Zheng He led huge voyages to explore. They were floating cities. 27,000 people, Treasure ship was 400 ft long. Tried to show power.
E. Trade was only to be done by govt. to keep country isolated, but this didn’t happen.
1. Silk making and ceramics were popular industry.
II. Manchus found Qing Dynasty
A. Ming was losing power due to corrupt officials/bad harvests
B. Manchuria is NE and they invade in 1644. They take over Beijing and found Qing Dynasty.
C. People resist at first but will come around with good leadership.
D. Kangxi will lower taxes and restore safety. Gave intellectuals govt. positions-science/tech. flourishes
E. Continued with isolation and if people wanted to trade they had to follow their rules.
1. Kowtow-kneel in front of emperor and touch head to ground 9x’s.
III. Life in Ming and Qing China
A. Irrigation and fertilizer will improve agriculture. Corn and potatoes will become popular. Why?
B. Population explodes. Males are wanted because they remain on family farm. Many females are killed.
Ch 4.1
I. Spain Builds an American Empire
A. Columbus sails west for an alternate trade route
1. Oct. 12, 1492 a shout comes Land! Land!
2. Thought he was in the East Indies, met Indians
3. He is in the Bahamas, and he claims this for Spain
4. He goes on three more voyages to establish colonies
B. Other Explorers
1. Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portugal) goes to Brazil
2. Amerigo Vespucci (Portugal) to east coast of S. America
3. Vasco Balboa (Spain) first to see Pacific
4. Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) leaves 1519 with 250 men and 5 ships and is going to try and travel around tip of S. America
-They make it and travel all the way around the world
-Magellan doesn’t make it, 18 men and 1 ship return
C. Hernando Cortes (Spain) 1519 lands in Mexico
1. Conquistadors (conquerors) were looking for Gold
2. Met Aztecs that live in present day Mexico City
3. Montezuma II thought Cortes was God in armor, and agreed to give him Gold
4. Things go bad and they start to fight
5. Spanish win because of 1. Guns 2. Other tribes 3. Disease
D. Francisco Pizarro meets Incan leader Atahualpa
1. At meeting 30,000 Incans killed in ambush, leader kidnapped
2. Page 122 How is he freed?
E. Living in New Land
1. Mestizo- Spanish/Native American Child
2. Encomienda-slave system for Indians, many die
II. Spain becomes most powerful country in world with its colonies
A. Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for Spain
B. Conquistadors will travel into Western N. America, and will find little wealth. This leads to Catholic Priests to try and spread Christianity.
C. They preach against encomienda and in 1542 it is abolished.
D. What does this lead to?
Ch. 4 Sec. 2 European Nations Settle N. America
I. Other countries were envious of Spain
A. Countries will ignore Treaty of Tordesillas
B. France will settle the area around the Great Lakes by going up the St. Lawrence River.
1. Quebec will become the base of New France, and 1700’s France controls Midwestern U.S. and Eastern Canada.
2. French did not populate the area heavily. Why?
-People there are fur traders and Catholic Priests
II. English Settlement
A. King James sends a charter of 100 people to found a colony
1. Land in Virginia in 1607 they land in Virginia. Jamestown.
2. Disaster-7 out of 10 die in first years-Starvation, Disease
B. Pilgrims are looking for religious freedom. Plymouth, MA.
C. Puritans wanted the same and land on Massachusetts Bay.
III. Dutch Settlement
A. Henry Hudson is looking for NW sea route to Asia. Travels through Hudson Bay, River, and Strait. Dutch claim this area.
B. New Netherland-populated by fur traders
C. Problem-it divided English colonies. Duke of York comes to fight, not even a shot fired. New York.
D. 1750 1.2 million English live on coast.
IV. English push west with growing population. Ohio River Valley there is a conflict.
A. French and Indian War is fought for control of territory.
B. 1763 the British defeat the French. Eastern ½ of N. America
Page 130 Native Americans Respond
1. How was the Native American relationship with the Dutch and French different from their relationship with the English?
2. What problems does this lead to?
Ch. 4 Sec. 3
I. The Atlantic Slave Trade
A. Tobacco Farms and Sugar Plantations required a lot of labor
1. Turn to Africa for slaves around 1500
B. Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries. Muslims used prisoners of war as slaves. 650 to 1600 17 million slaves transported to other Muslims
C. Portugal first to Africa, but not interested in slaves 1400’s
D. Advantages of African Slaves
1. Exposed to European Diseases
2. Experienced Farmers
3. Did not know land
4. Skin color made it hard to get away
E. When Atlantic Slave Trade was over 9.5 million slaves had been imported.
F. England, Spain, and Portugal dominate trade
G. Many Africans helped with slave trade. How?
-capture and sell each other for goods
II. Triangular Trade
A. See worksheet
III. Middle Passage
A. Voyage that brought captured Africans to Americas
B. People endured whippings, disease starvation, 20% died
C. Once they arrived they would be auctioned and had to work extremely hard in fields
D. Slave Resistance
i. Break tools
ii. Uproot plants
iii. Work slow
IV. Consequences of Slavery
A. Africans are large part of N. and S. American population
Ch. 4 Sec. 4
I. The Columbian Exchange
A. It was a global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during colonization period.
B. Goods from America to Europe, Africa, and Asia
1. Tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao beans
-meat-turkey
*Most important-Corn and Potatoes-these are very nutritious and will help people live longer, helps population growth
C. Europe to Americas
1. Horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs
2. Wheat, rice, barley, and oats
D. Africa to Americas
1. Bananas, black-eyed peas, and yams
II. Negative side of Columbian Exchange
A. Disease-Smallpox and measles lead to death of millions
III. European Economic Revolution
A. Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and investment. Govts are no longer sole owners of wealth
B. Investors are putting their money into colonization and trade
C. Inflation occurs because people have more money to spend
i. Spain-Aztec and Incan treasure have huge inflation
D. Joint-Stock Companies
1. Investors buy shares in company, decreases risk of huge loss
2. People join together and fund a voyage to set up a colony, reason was that many ships didn’t make it
E. Mercantilism-countries power depends on its wealth
1. Main Goal: become as rich as possible
2. Favorable Balance of Trade-exploit colonies to become rich
*Look at worksheet
Ch. 4 Sec. 4
I. The Columbian Exchange
A. It was a global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during colonization period.
B. Goods from America to Europe, Africa, and Asia
1. Tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao beans
-meat-turkey
*Most important-Corn and Potatoes-these are very nutritious and will help people live longer, helps population growth
C. Europe to Americas
1. Horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs
2. Wheat, rice, barley, and oats
D. Africa to Americas
1. Bananas, black-eyed peas, and yams
II. Negative side of Columbian Exchange
B. Disease-Smallpox and measles lead to death of millions
III. European Economic Revolution
F. Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and investment. Govts are no longer sole owners of wealth
G. Investors are putting their money into colonization and trade
H. Inflation occurs because people have more money to spend
i. Spain-Aztec and Incan treasure have huge inflation
I. Joint-Stock Companies
3. Investors buy shares in company, decreases risk of huge loss
4. People join together and fund a voyage to set up a colony, reason was that many ships didn’t make it
J. Mercantilism-countries power depends on its wealth
3. Main Goal: become as rich as possible
4. Favorable Balance of Trade-exploit colonies to become rich
*Look at worksheet
Ch 5 Sec 1
I. Spain’s Empire
A. Charles V was in control of Spain, Spain’s colonies, and parts of Italy, Austria, and Netherlands
1. Devout Catholic that fights Muslims
B. His son Philip II will have huge empire. Seizes Portuguese Kingdom (lands in Africa, India, East Indies) Empire circles globe
1. Wealth-339,000 lbs. of gold from America, and 16,000 tons silver. He claims a ¼ of each shipload his.
2. Defender of Catholicism against Ottoman Muslims. 200 Spanish ships defeat Ottoman fleet.
a. Spanish Armada is sent to beat Protestant England. They are defeated by Elizabeth I navy.
3. Golden Age of Art and Literature 16th-17th Century
a. El Greco focus Catholicism, Diego Velazquez focus pride in Spanish Monarchy
b. Miguel Cervantes Don Quixote-birth of European Novel
C. Empire Declines
1. Inflation 2. Silver worth little 3. Nobles don’t pay taxes
2. High Prices cause people to buy from other nations
II. Dutch Revolt
A. Philip tries to crush Protestantism, in one day will kill 1,500
1. Dutch fight back and gain independence 1579.
B. Dutch Prosper- Have a republic, religious toleration, and the best banks in Europe
C. Dutch East India Co.-4,800 ships in 1636
1. Art-Rembrandt, and Vermeer
III. Absolute Monarchs will rise after Middle Ages
A. Reasons
1. Business will support because of stability
2. After Reformation church loses some power
Ch. 5 Sec. 2
I. Reign of Louis XIV
A. Henry of Navarre- becomes Henry IV, and as King he will improve the state of France.
1. Edict of Nantes- religious toleration in France
Huguenot (French Protestants) and Catholics live peacefully
2. Financial policy improves economy
B. His son Louis XIII comes to power and is very weak
1. His minister Cardinal Richelieu is true ruler
2. He wants a strong monarchy
-Walls of Protestant cities and castles of nobles are torn down
C. Louis XIV- becomes King at age 4
1. Takes control at 22, and increases his power
a. excluded nobles from councils
b. gave power to intendants- tax collectors and cops
2. Minister of Finance- Jean Colbert believed in Mercantilism
a. Stop wealth from leaving, wanted self-sufficient country
3. Big Spender
a. 500 cooks, waiters, and servants to feed him
b. Artists and writers worked to glorify him
c. Palace at Versailles
-2.5 billion dollars, 36,000 laborers, 6,000 horses
-5000 acres of gardens, lawns, and woods
-1,400 fountains
d. Wars to expand borders will be costly
-Europeanwide alliance formed to stop him
e. War of Spanish Succession
D. Louis’s Legacy
1. Wars ruined France, he died in 1715
2. People rejoice with his death
3. He leaves a huge debt and high taxes that will lead to What?
Ch 5 Sec 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
I. Monarchs Defy Parliament-money problems
A. Elizabeth I dies with no heir and a huge debt, her cousin King James of Scotland takes over
B. His son Charles I took throne in 1625, and is constantly going to have money problems with Parliament because of wars with Spain and France.
1. To get money he signs Petition of Right. He agreed to:
-not imprison without cause
-not tax without consent
-not house soldiers in private homes
-not impose martial law
2. He turns around and ignores this and dissolves Parliament.
C. English Civil War-1642-1649 Royalists v. Anti-Royalists
1. Oliver Cromwell leads Anti-Royalists to victory, and Charles is convicted of treason and beheaded
D. Cromwell gets rid of Parliament and forms a Republican form of govt., but he soon will become a military dictator.
1. Made laws that banned theater, sporting events, and dancing
II. Charles II and Restoration-restored the monarchy
A. Passes Habeas Corpus- can’t be imprisoned for defying King
B. Charles son James II is King when he dies, and his reign will lead to the Glorious Revolution
1. When James son is born Parliament becomes afraid of a line of Catholic Kings, they offer the throne to his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (Prince of Netherlands)
2. James flees
III. Constitutional Monarchy begins- laws limit the rulers power
A. Bill of Rights
I. Renaissance was a rebirth of learning and people began to question how and why things work
A. Up to this time people referred to ancient Greek and Roman ideas, or the Bible.
B. Aristotle (400 b.c.) and Ptolemy (200 a.d.) believed the earth was an immovable object at the center of the universe. Stars, moon, and sun revolved around it. Geocentric Theory
C. Scientific Revolution begins (mid-1500’s) a new way of thinking about natural world.
D. Advances in astronomy, mathematics, and knowledge of geography during exploration period helped spark this revolution.
E. Copernicus studied planetary movements for over 25 years and in the last year of his life (1543) he published idea of Heliocentric Theory
F. Many reject the idea because Why?
-It goes against their religious beliefs
G. Kepler will help this theory by mathematically proving planetary motion.
II. Galileo- will help prove Copernicus to be right with his observations with his telescope, and his laws of motion.
A. Catholic and Protestant leaders are mad at him. Why?
-If people go against these teachings of the church, they might go against other teachings also.
B. 1633 Galileo goes in front of Inquisition and is threatened with torture. He publicly says that he is wrong and church is right. He is under house arrest the rest of his life.
III. The Scientific Method
A. Logical procedure for testing ideas.
1. Question from an observation.
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Test hypothesis through experiment.
4. Analyze data to form a new conclusion
I. Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in wake of Scientific Revolution that stressed reason and thought
A. Thomas Hobbes- horrors of English Civil War convinced him that humans were selfish and wicked. Without a strong govt. people would be at war all of the time.
1. Social Contract- people had to hand over rights to a strong ruler, and in return they would get law and order. Ruler needs total power.
B. John Locke- believed that people could learn from mistakes and govern their own affairs. He criticized absolute monarchy.
1. He believed all people had three rights. Life, Liberty, and Property. The govt.’s job was to protect these rights.
II. French Philosophes- believed reason could be applied to all aspects of life like Newton had done in science.
A. Paris was hot spot for discussing politics and ideas.
B. Voltaire was famous philosophe. Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech. Quote “I do not agree with one word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
III. Legacy of Enlightenment
A. People begin to argue against slavery, social inequality, and wanted democratic govt.
B. People had a more secular outlook. People were not as focused on God because science and reason were emphasized.
C. Individualism- people turned away from the church, and began to reason right and wrong by themselves.
IV. Enlightenment Spreads
A. Books, magazines, and word of mouth will help these ideas spread.
B. Salons- in mansions of wealthy women in Paris these philosophes would get together to discuss ideas. Articles and essays would come from these meetings that helped enlightenment.
Ch 7.1
I. The French Revolution
A. France was the most advanced country in Europe and had prosperous foreign trade.
B. Problems- people of France were divided into 3 classes
1. First Estate- clergy owned 10% of land and paid no taxes
2. Second Estate- rich nobles that owned 20% of land and paid no taxes. Only made up 2% of population
3. Third Estate- 97% of population. Middle and lower class people that paid almost 50% of income on taxes.
-in difficult times they would rob bread stores to survive
C. Enlightenment Ideas
1. People of France saw success in America and began to demand equality, liberty, and democracy
D. Economic Troubles
1. Heavy taxes made it impossible to do business
2. Cost of living was rising. Prices were going through the roof.
3. Crop Failures- people were starving to death
E. Louis XVI tries to fix the problem
1. He tries to impose taxes on 2nd Estate, but before tax could be passed the Estates General had to meet.
-this is an assembly of all three estates to approve tax
II. Dawn of Revolution
A. Old rules of Estates General said that each group would meet in a separate hall and vote on issues. Top two estates always won.
1. The 3rd Estate wanted a change that would let all delegates vote, but King Louis says no to their request.
B. Revolution begins- the 3rd Estate revolts and forms the National Assembly. This was a new govt. body that would pass laws for the French people, and end the absolute monarchy of Louis.
C. Great Fear sweeps over the land. People are afraid that Louis will use military force to take back power.
D. In search of weapons for protection the people storm the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789.
1. They kill guards and parade around town with their heads on pikes.
Chapter 7 Sec 2
I. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
A. Nobles become afraid of angry peasants and on August 4, 1789 many joined the National Assembly. Everyone was equal now.
B. Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Similar to Dec. of Independence. Right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
C. Assembly also took over Church and made it a part of State.
D. June 1791 Louis tries to escape to Netherlands. Caught and brought back, and in September approves new Constitution.
E. France was now a Constitutional Monarchy and created Legislative assembly-power to make law and make war decisions
II. War and Execution
A. Austria and Prussia become afraid that radical ideas might spread so they go to war in April of 1792.
B. Prussia is threatening Paris and commander said he would destroy city if Louis was harmed. People of Paris imprison Louis and his family.
C. New govt. takes over when Louis is in jail. National Convention abolishes monarchy and declares France a republic.
D. Most involved with change were a part of Jacobin Club, which was a radical organization.
E. Anyone that supported Old Regime or Louis would be in danger, and on Jan. 21, 1793 Louis XVI was executed. Guillotine.
III. Reign of Terror
A. Maximilien Robespierre was a Jacobin that slowly took power, and made reforms.
B. Churches were closed and new calendar did not have Sundays because religion was seen as old-fashioned.
C. Enemies were tried in morning and guillotined in afternoon.
D. As many as 40,000 were executed during terror, and many for trivial things. 18 year old was executed for cutting down tree that was planted as a symbol of liberty.
E. People grew weary of Terror and wanted peace.
Ch. 7 Sec. 3
I. Napoleon Forges an Empire
A. He was nine when sent to military school, and joined army when he was 16.
B. He became a hero when rebels marched on the National Convention, and he defended them with canon fire.
C. 1796 he is appointed to lead the French army against Austria, and with victories becomes a national hero.
D. 1799 the Directory has lost control of govt. and Napoleon is urged by friends to take power (coup), he does and will be a dictator
II. Napoleon Rules France
A. 1800 there is a plebiscite (vote) that gives true power to Napoleon. He begins to make changes.
1. National Banking System, and efficient tax collecting system
2. Lycees- govt.-run schools that produce public officials
3. Concordat- agreement that kept the church and state separate
4. Napoleonic Code- uniform set of laws
B. Louisiana Territory bought by Jefferson for $15 million
1. Gave France money to fight wars
2. Gave U.S. more power and a strong rival to Britain
C. Napoleon builds the largest empire since the Romans
1. 1812 Napoleon controls all of the continent except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire
2. Huge empire but very unstable
III. Battle of Trafalgar
A. The only major battle the Napoleon loses, and it was naval battle fought near Spain
B. The destruction of the French Fleet has two outcomes.
1. British navy would be best in the world for the next 100 yrs
2. Napoleon had to give up plans of invading Britain.
Ch 7 Sec 4 and 5
I. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
A. Napoleon made three disastrous mistakes.
1. Continental System- the attempt to cut Britain off from the rest of the world. Smugglers and sometimes French allies gave Britain supplies.
2. Peninsular War- Napoleon sent his troops to Portugal through Spain to accept blockade, and this made the Spanish mad.
i. Napoleon removes Spanish king
ii. France lost 300, 000 men in this war
3. Invasion of Russia- Russia refused to stop selling grain to Britain. June 1812 Napoleon led 420, 000 troops into Russia, and Russian forces retreat.
i. Russians used scorched-earth policy that left nothing to eat.
ii. When French finally get to Moscow there is nothing left, so they turn around and go home in October.
iii. They freeze to death. Only 10,000 survive.
B. These mistakes left French very weak, and Napoleon finally surrenders April 1814. He is exiled to Elba.
C. Next King Louis XVIII is unpopular with people so Napoleon comes back, and is emperor again.
D. British and Prussian forces quickly go after him, and at Waterloo Napoleon’s troops are defeated. This time they exile him to St. Helena, and he dies 6 years later.
II. Congress of Vienna meets to try and stabilize continent
A. Most decisions were made by 5 great powers. Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain, and France.
B. Metternich was foreign minister of Austria and was influential.
1. He wanted a balance of power so no country would be a large threat. And all royal families Napoleon took out of power would get their throne back.
C. Meeting was successful and no wars take place for 40 years, but people had gotten first taste of democracy.
1. Democracy was seen as a better govt. than a monarchy.
Ch 8 Sec 1
I. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
A. Enlightenment and the American and French Revolutions changed the way people viewed govt. control
B. Colonial Society Divided
1. Peninsulares- top class, people born in Spain, high in govt.
2. Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America, could be officers in army. These two controlled all land, wealth, and power
3. Mestizos- mix of Indian and European ancestry
4. Mulattos- mix of European and African
5. Indians- were at bottom of social ladder
II. Saint Domingue was the first territory to free itself from Europe
A. 500, 000 Africans were enslaved on this small island and their French masters used brutal tactics to terrorize them
B. August 1791 100, 000 slaves revolt, Toussaint L’Ouverture was an African that became their leader. 1801 they had control.
C. This island would be named Haiti (mountainous land)
III. Creoles lead Independence
A. Many creoles were educated in Europe and then came back to serve in Latin American Military. Brought Enlightenment ideas.
B. South American independence primarily came from work of Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) and Jose de San Martin (Argentina)
C. These two men would fight against Spanish forces to try and free themselves from Spanish rule
1. Who played leading role in Mexico’s fight for independence?
2. Who were the two main leaders in Mexican Revolution?
3. These armies were made up of what groups of people?
4. Why was Brazil’s quest for independence unique?
5. How did this break from Portugal take place?
8.3 Nationalism
I. Nationalism was the most powerful idea of the 1800’s. Many countries were created or broken up because of this idea.
A. It is belief that people should remain loyal to a country or group of people that they share a culture or history with. Loyal to group of people rather than a King.
II. The Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires controlled many different ethnic groups, and this feeling of nationalism is going to bring these empires to an end.
III. Nationalism will help unify and create the countries of Italy and Germany.
8.4 Revolutions in the Arts
I. The Romantic Movement
A. This movement involved interest in nature, thoughts, feelings, and emotion. Many writers shared a set of beliefs.
1. Emphasized inner feelings and emotions
2. Glorified heroes and heroic actions.
3. Valued the common people.
B. Romantic writers
1. The Grimm brothers wrote fairy tales
2. Victor Hugo-Les Miserables and Hunchback of Notre Dame
C. Gothic Writers- Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein
D. Famous Composers were as popular as Rock Stars today.
1. Ludwig van Beethoven and Frederic Chopin
II. Realism showed life the way that it really was. Life in city was dirty and crowded from industrialization.
A. Photographers are going to try a capture the way life really was through pictures.
B. Realist Writers described the way life was for the working class.
1. Charles Dickens wrote about London’s working poor.
III. Impressionists went against Realism and tried to capture a moment in time with their work, and it was more positive.
A. Painted about the delights in life, rather than the bad.
1. Circuses, dance halls, and cafés.
Chapter 9.1 The Industrial Revolution
I. Revolution begins in Britain
A. In the middle 1700’s there is a huge increase in machine-made goods in England, and movement will soon spread to Europe.
B. Agriculture Revolution begins the process. Wealthy landowners began to buy up land that village farmers had worked.
1. Enclosures (large fields) began to produce large amounts of food, and also forced many people to move to cities.
2. Crop rotation also helped with food production. By changing crops the nutrients would be replaced in the soil.
3. Livestock breeders began to allow only the best stock to breed. From 1700 to 1786 the average weight of lambs grew from 18 to 50 lbs
4. This led to increase in population, which led to demand for other goods. Especially textiles.
II. Why did Industrialization begin in Britain?
A. They had the factors of production to make these goods.
1. Water power and coal to fuel machines
2. Iron ore to make machines and tools
3. Inland rivers to transport goods
4. Harbors the merchant ships could dock
III. Textile Industry Booms
A. Many new inventions in the textile industry lead to the building of factories to house all of the machines.
B. These inventions lead to an increase in production. Example: Cotton Gin increased American cotton production from 1.5 million lbs. in 1790 to 85 million in 1810.
Improvements in Transportation
1. What was James Watt’s contribution?
2. What was Robert Fulton’s contribution?
3. How where the new roads paid for and then run to make profits?
4. What two locations did the first railroad run between, and who was responsible for this achievement?
5. What would be the next great invention of the man in question #4?
6. From 1831 to 1876 what are the four major inventions in U.S.
Chapter 9.2
I. Industrialization
A. Brought on many problems: Unhealthy working conditions, air and water pollution, and child labor.
B. Positives: Plentiful jobs, higher wages, better clothing, more food, heated homes.
C. 1800 to 1850 European cities with more than 100,000 rose from 22 to 47. This is urbanization period.
D. London was the most powerful city (1 million people) and had twice as many people as the next closest city (Paris).
E. Problems with cities growing too fast.
1. No development plans
2. No sanitary or building codes
3. Lacked housing, education, and police protection.
F. Bad living conditions. Garbage was piled in the streets, workers lived in dark dirty shelters, families crowded into one bedroom, and average life span was 17 years for factory worker.
G. Working conditions: worked 14 hours a day, six days a week in dark, dirty, and unsafe conditions. Common for people to die or lose limbs on the job. Women and children were cheapest labor.
II. Class Tensions Grow
A. With this new wealth generated there was a new social class that was created. Made up of factory owners and merchants.
B. Middle class now ranked above the working class.
III. Manchester
A. Quote “From this filthy sewer pure _______ flows.
B. In this dirty, but wealthy city, had children as young as _____ work with their parents at the factory.
C. They worked from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. and only had a half an hour lunch. Many times children were ___________ to keep them awake.
Chapter 9.4
I. Reforming the Industrial World
A. Economic reformers believed that the gap needed to be closed between the rich and the poor.
1. Laissez Faire- was policy of letting the owners of industry set working conditions without interference. This favored a free market.
2. Adam Smith defended this idea a said that there are three natural laws of economics.
i. law of self-interest- people work for their own good
ii. law of competition- competition forces people to make a better product
iii. law of supply and demand- enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price
3. These laws were foundation of Capitalism- privately owned business and money invested to make a profit.
B. Others believed that govt. should interfere with business, and they supported the economic policy of Socialism.
1. This policy said that business should be owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. Govt. controls everything.
2. Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto. He said that the proletarians (working class) have nothing to loose but their chains. They have a world to win.
i. he thought Communism was the only way people could live together and share equal amounts of wealth.
1. What is a union?
2. What tool do union members use when they don’t get what they want?